Voltage tester ye portable oba fixed instrument ekozesebwa okupima voltage mu circuit. Ekozesebwa nnyo mu nkola z’amasannyalaze, okuddaabiriza ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze, okukola otoma mu makolero, n’ennimiro endala. Omulimu gwayo omukulu kwe kuzuula enjawulo ya potential (kwe kugamba, vvulovumenti) wakati w’ensonga bbiri nga ezuula enjawulo y’amaanyi g’ekifo ky’amasannyalaze oba chajingi, n’okulaga ekivaamu nga digital oba pointer etegeerekeka.
Omusingi gw’okukola omukulu .
Omusingi omukulu ogwa vvulovumenti egezesa gwesigamiziddwa ku tteeka ly’amasannyalaze oba etteeka lya Ohm. Ebipima ebibiri eby’omugezi bwe bikwata ku nsonga bbiri mu nkulungo egezesebwa, ensengekera y’omunda ey’ekintu ezuula enjawulo ya potensiya wakati w’ensonga ebbiri n’ezikyusa mu siginiini esomebwa.
1. Analog Voltmeter (Ekika ky’Analog) .
Analog voltmeters mu ngeri entuufu zikozesa enkola y’okupima amasannyalaze ga magineeto (nga ekipima ekitambula-coil galvanometer). Voltage egenda okupimibwa essiddwa ku coil ya mita, coil ekola current proportional ne voltage mu magnetic field, evuga pointer okukyukakyuka. Enkoona y’okukyukakyuka eraga butereevu vvulovumenti, esomebwa ku dial. Ekika kya mita kino kyesigamye ku mutimbagano gwa precision resistor divider okugaziya ekifo ekipima, okugeza, nga tuyunga high-omuwendo resistor mu series okupima voltages eza waggulu.
2. Ekipima Voltmeter ya digito (DMM) .
Digital voltmeter ekozesa analog-to-Tekinologiya wa Digital Conversion (ADC) okukyusa vvulovumenti epimiddwa mu siginiini ya digito, oluvannyuma ekolebwako era n’elagibwa microprocessor. Enkola yaayo enkulu mulimu:
Okulongoosa siginiini: Voltage eyingizibwa etereezebwa ku ADC's accessable range okuyita mu attenuator (kupima voltages eza waggulu) oba amplifier (kupima voltages entono).
Analog-to-Okukyusa digito: ADC ekyusa vvulovumenti ya analog mu data ya binary nga ekozesa ekiseera-okusinziira oba vvulovumenti-ku -digito encoding (nga okugerageranya okuddirira ADC).
Okukola mu ngeri ya digito: Microcontroller ebalila era n’etereeza ensobi (nga Offset ne Nonlinearity) okukkakkana ng’evuze LCD okulaga omuwendo omutuufu (nga 3.27V).
Tekinologiya omukulu n'enkola z'okupima .
DC Voltage (DCV) Okupima: butereevu okuzuula enjawulo ya potential enywevu. Mita ya digito epimibwa nga ekozesa vvulovumenti ya waggulu-precision reference voltage (nga ensibuko ya 2.5V reference).
AC Voltage (ACV) Okupima: Siginini ya AC erina okusooka okukyusibwa okufuuka omuwendo gwa DC ogwenkanankana nga tukozesa circuit ya rectifier (nga chip ya RMS converter entuufu) nga tennapima. Mita ez’omulembe ziwagira okubala kwa RMS (TRMs) okwa nnamaddala, okusobozesa okupima okutuufu okw’ebitali-ebitonde by’amayengo ga sinusoidal (nga amayengo ga square n’amayengo agakyusibwakyusibwa).
Okupima kwa vvulovumenti enkulu: Omukutu gwa resistors ogugabanya voltage (okugeza, 1000:1 voltage divider) gukozesebwa okukendeeza ku vvulovumenti enkulu okutuuka ku ddaala ery’obukuumi nga tonnaba kugiyingiza mu nkulungo y’okupima enkulu.
Okupima kwa vvulovumenti entono: Amplifier eya wansi-ekozesebwa okugaziya obubonero obunafu, okuziyiza okutaataaganyizibwa kw’obutonde okukosa obutuufu.
Emisingi gy’okukola dizayini y’obukuumi .
Ebigezesa vvulovumenti birina enkola eziwera ezimbiddwa-mu nkola z’obukuumi:
Obukuumi bwa vvulovumenti ezisukkiridde: TVS diodes oba gas discharge tubes short-circuit era zisaasaanya amaanyi mu biseera bya vvulovumenti enkulu ez’ekiseera.
Obukuumi bw’ebiziyiza: Ebintu ebiziyiza ennyo (nga polyimide) bikozesebwa wakati wa probes ne circuit okukakasa nti bikola bulungi.
Automatic range switching: Smart meters elonda otomatika range esaanira okusinziira ku input voltage okuziyiza overload okwonooneka.
Okubumbako
Ebigezesa vvulovumenti bikozesa tekinologiya ow’okukyusa amasannyalaze n’okukola obubonero okukyusa vvulovumenti ezitalabika mu bisomebwa ebitegeerekeka. Okuva ku classic electromagnetic induction okutuuka ku modern high-Precision ADCs, emisingi gyazo girimu okukozesa amateeka g’ebintu ebikulu n’obuyiiya bwa digital electronics, ekizifuula ebikozesebwa ebiteetaagisa mu yinginiya w’amasannyalaze. Okutegeera emisingi gyabwe egy’okukola kwanguyiza okulonda okutuufu, okukola, n’okugonjoola ebizibu, okukakasa okupima okutali kwa bulabe era okutuufu.